Current Clinical Applications of Entecavir in Hepatitis B Viruses Infection

Cigdem Mermutluoglu; Halim Bayram; Tugce Bozok Simsek; Abdullah Golbol; Evrim Gulderen Kuscu; Hande Berk Cam; Yusuf Arslan; Rukkiye Bulut; Hakan Celik; Mustafa Kemal Celen

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11

Review Article |

| Peer-Reviewed

Current Clinical Applications of Entecavir in Hepatitis B Viruses Infection

Cigdem Mermutluoglu^*

, Halim Bayram

, Tugce Bozok Simsek

, Abdullah Golbol

, Evrim Gulderen Kuscu

, Hande Berk Cam

, Yusuf Arslan

, Rukkiye Bulut

, Hakan Celik

, Mustafa Kemal Celen

Published in International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy (Volume 10, Issue 4)

Received: 27 October 2025 Accepted: 7 November 2025 Published: 17 December 2025

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Abstract

Entecavir (ETV) is a guanosine nucleoside analogue widely used in the management of chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. It demonstrates consistent antiviral activity, favourable tolerability, and a high genetic barrier to resistance, making it a reliable option across diverse clinical settings. Evidence from clinical trials and real-world studies confirms that ETV achieves sustained viral suppression, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization, and histological improvement, contributing to reduced long-term risks of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Its pharmacokinetic properties and antiviral effectiveness have been established in both treatment-naïve and lamivudine-resistant patients. ETV maintains clinical utility in various special populations, including individuals with decompensated cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, post-transplant status, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy. In these groups, ETV retains efficacy with limited drug-drug interactions and a generally mild adverse-event profile. Optimal adherence to therapy remains essential to ensure sustained viral suppression and minimize the risk of treatment failure. In addition to established clinical roles, emerging research has explored new formulations and potential therapeutic applications of ETV, including long-acting delivery strategies and its possible relevance in oncologic contexts. These developments highlight continued interest in optimizing the use of ETV in HBV management. Overall, ETV remains a well-supported antiviral agent that combines durable efficacy, safety, and broad applicability in the treatment of chronic HBV infection.

Published in	International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy (Volume 10, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11
Page(s)	68-84
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Entecavir, Hepatitis B, Antiviral Agents, Therapeutic Use, Drug Resistance, Viral, Treatment Outcome

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Mermutluoglu, C., Bayram, H., Simsek, T. B., Golbol, A., Kuscu, E. G., et al. (2025). Current Clinical Applications of Entecavir in Hepatitis B Viruses Infection. International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 10(4), 68-84. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11

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Mermutluoglu, C.; Bayram, H.; Simsek, T. B.; Golbol, A.; Kuscu, E. G., et al. Current Clinical Applications of Entecavir in Hepatitis B Viruses Infection. Int. J. Infect. Dis. Ther. 2025, 10(4), 68-84. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11

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AMA Style

Mermutluoglu C, Bayram H, Simsek TB, Golbol A, Kuscu EG, et al. Current Clinical Applications of Entecavir in Hepatitis B Viruses Infection. Int J Infect Dis Ther. 2025;10(4):68-84. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11,
  author = {Cigdem Mermutluoglu and Halim Bayram and Tugce Bozok Simsek and Abdullah Golbol and Evrim Gulderen Kuscu and Hande Berk Cam and Yusuf Arslan and Rukkiye Bulut and Hakan Celik and Mustafa Kemal Celen},
  title = {Current Clinical Applications of Entecavir in Hepatitis B Viruses Infection},
  journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {68-84},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijidt.20251004.11},
  abstract = {Entecavir (ETV) is a guanosine nucleoside analogue widely used in the management of chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. It demonstrates consistent antiviral activity, favourable tolerability, and a high genetic barrier to resistance, making it a reliable option across diverse clinical settings. Evidence from clinical trials and real-world studies confirms that ETV achieves sustained viral suppression, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization, and histological improvement, contributing to reduced long-term risks of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Its pharmacokinetic properties and antiviral effectiveness have been established in both treatment-naïve and lamivudine-resistant patients. ETV maintains clinical utility in various special populations, including individuals with decompensated cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, post-transplant status, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy. In these groups, ETV retains efficacy with limited drug-drug interactions and a generally mild adverse-event profile. Optimal adherence to therapy remains essential to ensure sustained viral suppression and minimize the risk of treatment failure. In addition to established clinical roles, emerging research has explored new formulations and potential therapeutic applications of ETV, including long-acting delivery strategies and its possible relevance in oncologic contexts. These developments highlight continued interest in optimizing the use of ETV in HBV management. Overall, ETV remains a well-supported antiviral agent that combines durable efficacy, safety, and broad applicability in the treatment of chronic HBV infection.},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Current Clinical Applications of Entecavir in Hepatitis B Viruses Infection
AU  - Cigdem Mermutluoglu
AU  - Halim Bayram
AU  - Tugce Bozok Simsek
AU  - Abdullah Golbol
AU  - Evrim Gulderen Kuscu
AU  - Hande Berk Cam
AU  - Yusuf Arslan
AU  - Rukkiye Bulut
AU  - Hakan Celik
AU  - Mustafa Kemal Celen
Y1  - 2025/12/17
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11
T2  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
JF  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
JO  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
SP  - 68
EP  - 84
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-966X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11
AB  - Entecavir (ETV) is a guanosine nucleoside analogue widely used in the management of chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. It demonstrates consistent antiviral activity, favourable tolerability, and a high genetic barrier to resistance, making it a reliable option across diverse clinical settings. Evidence from clinical trials and real-world studies confirms that ETV achieves sustained viral suppression, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization, and histological improvement, contributing to reduced long-term risks of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Its pharmacokinetic properties and antiviral effectiveness have been established in both treatment-naïve and lamivudine-resistant patients. ETV maintains clinical utility in various special populations, including individuals with decompensated cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, post-transplant status, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy. In these groups, ETV retains efficacy with limited drug-drug interactions and a generally mild adverse-event profile. Optimal adherence to therapy remains essential to ensure sustained viral suppression and minimize the risk of treatment failure. In addition to established clinical roles, emerging research has explored new formulations and potential therapeutic applications of ETV, including long-acting delivery strategies and its possible relevance in oncologic contexts. These developments highlight continued interest in optimizing the use of ETV in HBV management. Overall, ETV remains a well-supported antiviral agent that combines durable efficacy, safety, and broad applicability in the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
VL  - 10
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Cigdem Mermutluoglu

Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkiye

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1836-6281
Halim Bayram

Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Gaziantep City Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkiye

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0023-0645
Tugce Bozok Simsek

Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine Hospital, Mersin, Turkiye

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6611-978X
Abdullah Golbol

Infectious Diseases, University of Health Sciences Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkiye

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4999-5259
Evrim Gulderen Kuscu

Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras University, Kahramanmaras, Turkiye

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2335-2135
Hande Berk Cam

Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkiye

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2820-1731
Yusuf Arslan

Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Batman Training and Research Hospital, Batman, Turkiye

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1479-6009
Rukkiye Bulut

Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkiye

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3155-4036
Hakan Celik

Medical Pharmacology Istanbul Yeni Yuzyıl University, Istanbul, Turkiye

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0059-1667
Mustafa Kemal Celen

Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkiye

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5876-2241

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Mermutluoglu, C., Bayram, H., Simsek, T. B., Golbol, A., Kuscu, E. G., et al. (2025). Current Clinical Applications of Entecavir in Hepatitis B Viruses Infection. International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 10(4), 68-84. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11

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ACS Style

Mermutluoglu, C.; Bayram, H.; Simsek, T. B.; Golbol, A.; Kuscu, E. G., et al. Current Clinical Applications of Entecavir in Hepatitis B Viruses Infection. Int. J. Infect. Dis. Ther. 2025, 10(4), 68-84. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11

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AMA Style

Mermutluoglu C, Bayram H, Simsek TB, Golbol A, Kuscu EG, et al. Current Clinical Applications of Entecavir in Hepatitis B Viruses Infection. Int J Infect Dis Ther. 2025;10(4):68-84. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11,
  author = {Cigdem Mermutluoglu and Halim Bayram and Tugce Bozok Simsek and Abdullah Golbol and Evrim Gulderen Kuscu and Hande Berk Cam and Yusuf Arslan and Rukkiye Bulut and Hakan Celik and Mustafa Kemal Celen},
  title = {Current Clinical Applications of Entecavir in Hepatitis B Viruses Infection},
  journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {68-84},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijidt.20251004.11},
  abstract = {Entecavir (ETV) is a guanosine nucleoside analogue widely used in the management of chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. It demonstrates consistent antiviral activity, favourable tolerability, and a high genetic barrier to resistance, making it a reliable option across diverse clinical settings. Evidence from clinical trials and real-world studies confirms that ETV achieves sustained viral suppression, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization, and histological improvement, contributing to reduced long-term risks of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Its pharmacokinetic properties and antiviral effectiveness have been established in both treatment-naïve and lamivudine-resistant patients. ETV maintains clinical utility in various special populations, including individuals with decompensated cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, post-transplant status, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy. In these groups, ETV retains efficacy with limited drug-drug interactions and a generally mild adverse-event profile. Optimal adherence to therapy remains essential to ensure sustained viral suppression and minimize the risk of treatment failure. In addition to established clinical roles, emerging research has explored new formulations and potential therapeutic applications of ETV, including long-acting delivery strategies and its possible relevance in oncologic contexts. These developments highlight continued interest in optimizing the use of ETV in HBV management. Overall, ETV remains a well-supported antiviral agent that combines durable efficacy, safety, and broad applicability in the treatment of chronic HBV infection.},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Current Clinical Applications of Entecavir in Hepatitis B Viruses Infection
AU  - Cigdem Mermutluoglu
AU  - Halim Bayram
AU  - Tugce Bozok Simsek
AU  - Abdullah Golbol
AU  - Evrim Gulderen Kuscu
AU  - Hande Berk Cam
AU  - Yusuf Arslan
AU  - Rukkiye Bulut
AU  - Hakan Celik
AU  - Mustafa Kemal Celen
Y1  - 2025/12/17
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11
T2  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
JF  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
JO  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
SP  - 68
EP  - 84
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-966X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11
AB  - Entecavir (ETV) is a guanosine nucleoside analogue widely used in the management of chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. It demonstrates consistent antiviral activity, favourable tolerability, and a high genetic barrier to resistance, making it a reliable option across diverse clinical settings. Evidence from clinical trials and real-world studies confirms that ETV achieves sustained viral suppression, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization, and histological improvement, contributing to reduced long-term risks of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Its pharmacokinetic properties and antiviral effectiveness have been established in both treatment-naïve and lamivudine-resistant patients. ETV maintains clinical utility in various special populations, including individuals with decompensated cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, post-transplant status, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy. In these groups, ETV retains efficacy with limited drug-drug interactions and a generally mild adverse-event profile. Optimal adherence to therapy remains essential to ensure sustained viral suppression and minimize the risk of treatment failure. In addition to established clinical roles, emerging research has explored new formulations and potential therapeutic applications of ETV, including long-acting delivery strategies and its possible relevance in oncologic contexts. These developments highlight continued interest in optimizing the use of ETV in HBV management. Overall, ETV remains a well-supported antiviral agent that combines durable efficacy, safety, and broad applicability in the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
VL  - 10
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download