Research Article
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Active Trachoma Among 1–9-Year-Old Children in Gulele Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 1, March 2025
Pages:
1-10
Received:
4 December 2024
Accepted:
19 December 2024
Published:
7 January 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijidt.20251001.11
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Abstract: Background: The most common cause of blindness and one of the most neglected tropical diseases is trachoma. It is a significant public health issue in underdeveloped nations. Hands, fomites, and eye-seeking flies can spread it through direct contact with contaminated nasal and ocular secretions. The main objective of this study is to assess the prevalence and risk factors of active trachoma among 1–9-year-old children in Gulele Sub City in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Gulele sub-city from May 1 to July 30. A systematic random sampling technique was implemented to select study participants. To assure and control the quality of the data, a validated tool, and a cross-checked system were implemented. Bivariable and multi-variable binary logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with active trachoma. 95% confidence intervals and P-values were used to measure the strength of the association, and a P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: The result shows that the overall prevalence of active trachoma among preschool-aged children was 23.3% [95% CI: (19–25.1)]. Age of a child (AOR=1.63, 95% CI: 1.33, 2.03), frequently washing faces (AOR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.26, 2.42), a child with Unclean faces (AOR=2.83, 95% CI: 1.43, 3.64), improper solid waste disposal (AOR=4.24, 95% CI: 3.25, 5.25), were factors associated with active trachoma. Conclusion: The prevalence of active trachoma among preschool-aged children was high. The age of a child, frequently washing faces, the unclean face of the child, and proper solid waste disposal are important factors associated with active trachoma. This study indicated that trachoma is a public health problem Recommendation: to address the high prevalence of active trachoma among preschool-aged children, the following recommendations are essential: Enhance Hygiene Practices: Implement community education programs promoting regular face washing to reduce infection rates. Improve Sanitation: Ensure proper solid waste disposal and enhance access to clean water and sanitation facilities in endemic areas. Regular Health Surveillance: Conduct periodic trachoma prevalence surveys to monitor infection rates and identify at-risk populations. Integrate SAFE Strategy: Adopt the WHO's SAFE strategy, which includes surgery for advanced cases, mass antibiotic distribution, facial cleanliness promotion, and environmental improvements.
Abstract: Background: The most common cause of blindness and one of the most neglected tropical diseases is trachoma. It is a significant public health issue in underdeveloped nations. Hands, fomites, and eye-seeking flies can spread it through direct contact with contaminated nasal and ocular secretions. The main objective of this study is to assess the pre...
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Research Article
Exploring the Pattern of Resistance to Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs Among Tuberculosis Patients in Kwara State, Nigeria
Oyeniyi Rasheed Muhammed
,
Israel Olukayode Popoola,
Muhammed Mubashir Babatunde Uthman,
Ebenezer Obi Daniel*,
Ahmed Mamuda Bello,
Taiwo Aderemi Popoola,
Michael Avwerhota,
Adebanke Adetutu Ogun,
Celestine Emeka Ekwuluo,
Samuel Danladi Sam,
Michael Olabode Tomori,
Adedamola Amos Ogundeji,
Jacob Adebowale Adewole
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 1, March 2025
Pages:
11-28
Received:
9 November 2024
Accepted:
22 November 2024
Published:
24 January 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijidt.20251001.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a substantial global health challenge, particularly in Nigeria, which has the highest TB incidence in Africa, with approximately 590,000 new cases annually. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) complicates treatment and control efforts, necessitating a deeper understanding of drug resistance patterns. This study used a descriptive cross-sectional design to investigate resistance to first- and second-line anti-TB drugs among TB patients in Kwara State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to recruit 272 participants from selected Local Government Areas. Data collection included questionnaires and laboratory testing using the Hain Line Probe Assay (LPA) and GeneXpert MTB/Rif system. Results showed that age was a statistically significant factor, with resistance rates notably higher among younger individuals aged 20-29 years (p = 0.044), while no significant associations were found for gender (p = 0.166), ethnicity (p = 0.984 for first-line drugs; p = 0.601 for second-line), or educational level (p = 0.131 for first-line; p = 0.260 for second-line). Notably, 84.7% of participants who adhered to Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) were sensitive to anti-TB drugs, but adherence alone did not exhibit a statistically significant association with resistance (p = 0.278), questioning assumptions about DOTS effectiveness in this context. Alcohol consumption emerged as a significant predictor of drug resistance (p = 0.0423), with patients consuming alcohol being six times more likely to develop resistance (OR = 6.025, 95% CI = 4.950 - 13.632) than non-drinkers, underscoring the need to address alcohol-related non-adherence to improve outcomes. Conversely, smoking, incarceration, and contact with TB patients showed no significant association with resistance, challenging global assumptions about these risk factors in the Nigerian context. This study highlights the complex nature of TB drug resistance, influenced by socio-demographic and behavioral factors unique to local contexts. The absence of statistically significant correlations for several known risk factors, such as smoking (p = 0.761) and prior TB contact (p = 0.2165), suggests that interventions in Nigeria should be localized and tailored to specific populations rather than relying on generalized global models. Comprehensive strategies targeting alcohol use and younger age groups, alongside strengthened healthcare delivery, are essential to curbing the spread of drug-resistant TB strains in Nigeria.
Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a substantial global health challenge, particularly in Nigeria, which has the highest TB incidence in Africa, with approximately 590,000 new cases annually. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) complicates treatment and control efforts, necessitating a deeper understanding of drug resistance patterns. This study used a descript...
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